Many nations, including Russia and the US, have highlighted the importance of the Arctic for security and global trade in recent years.
Russia is currently the only country operating a fleet of nuclear-powered icebreakers.
Since the 2000s, Russia has built eight Borei-class nuclear submarines, with the most recent vessel, the Knyaz Pozharsky , launched last year. Two more are under construction.
Putin said last month that the submarines are equipped with Bulava ballistic missiles, which have a range of up to 8,000 km (4,970 miles).